Lanskikh Marina Vasilyevna, Gut Yuliya Nikolaevna, Doronina Natalya Nikolaevna Motivation of professional activity of employees of enterprises with different work experience // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 179-190

Today, each enterprise is a unique system, the effective and high-quality functioning of which depends on the coherence in the work of all its elements. According to a number of psychologists and researchers in the field of management, such functioning is more determined by both the level of professional competence of employees of the enterprise and their motivational attitudes for professional activities. In this regard, one of the main tasks of the head is the understanding of the motivational sphere of employees and the features of its formation in order to build effective interaction and management with a prospect of further increase in labor productivity and increase the competitiveness of the enterprise. To identify the features of the motivation of professional activity of employees of enterprises, 2 methods were used: the questionnaire “Motivation of professional activity” by K. Zamfira (modified by A.A. Rean) allows you to determine the structure of the motivational complex of the personality and the questionnaire of I.G. Kokurina “Dictionary”, which allows diagnosing the semantic orientations of employees of enterprises, as well as identifying the semantic motives of professional activity. Diagnostic tools are due to the peculiarity of enterprises and the possibility of a comprehensive study of the motivation for professional activities of their employees. The study involved 126 employees of Belgorod enterprises. In order to identify the dynamics of changes in the types of motivation and content motives of the professional activities of enterprises, depending on the length of service, we divided the sample into 5 groups: 1 group consisted of employees whose professional experience is less than 5 years, 2 groups - employees with experience from 5 to 10 years , 3 groups - employees with experience from 10 to 15 years, 4 groups - employees with experience from 15 to 20 years, 5 groups - employees with experience over 20 years. During the study, it was revealed that most employees of enterprises are dominated by external positive motivation and resulting orientation towards professional activities. The results of a comparative analysis made it possible to conclude that there are differences in the types of motivation and types of semantic orientation of employees depending on the experience of professional activity, namely: the more experience, the more pronounced the internal motivation over external and procedural orientation over the resulting.

Keywords: motivation of professional activity, internal motivation, external positive motivation, external negative motivation, semantic orientation of employees, procedural orientation of employees

Ledovskaya Tatyana Vitalyevna, Morozov Andrey Sergeyevich, Solynin Nikita Eduardovich Interactive simulator as a means of formative assessment // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 141-152

The article shows that in the current situation of the development of the education system, new assessment methods are needed that favor the implementation of the principles of dynamics, development and accumulation of experience, expansion of educational results by students. Formative assessment turns out to be a very effective technology, as it is one of the options that is applicable when teaching at different levels of education, specialists of different profiles; promotes the development of personality and activity of participants in educational relations, as it is built on the principle of feedback. It is noted that the principle of dialogism maximally meets the tasks that teachers and teachers of higher education have to solve in the conditions of the new Federal State Educational Standards. The results of the use of interactive simulators for the formation and assessment of the level of development of universal pedagogical competencies developed by the author’s team are shown, which allow us to say that there are no differences by region, do not depend on the contingent of students and the qualifications of teachers, which is an indicator of their stability and reliability. Significant differences in courses, which allowed us to deduce a pattern in increasing the decision time and, accordingly, higher scores from the 1st course to the 4th, allows us to talk about the possibility of the simulator to track the development of the competence of future teachers, the formation of their responsibility and a more serious attitude to pedagogical situations. Thus, interactive simulators are an effective means of formative assessment, because they are interactive, contain feedback, and they also contain elements that motivate students to further professional development.

Keywords: universal pedagogical competencies, formative assessment, pedagogical education, dialogue simulator, feedback

Kalganova Natalia Valerievna The model of training a specialist of an industrial transport university in the context of ensuring the quality of a competitive environment // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 98-105

At the present stage, the problem of the quality of specialist training is common to all educational institutions of higher education, since the trend towards a decrease in the quality of specialist training persists. The analysis of existing approaches in scientists’ research to solving this problem indicates that in order to ensure the quality of specialist training, it is necessary to develop a structural and substantive model of specialist training at an industrial transport university in the context of ensuring the quality of a competitive environment, which allows establishing interdependent processes such as: setting goals, selecting tools, methods, setting criteria for conditions of a competitive environment, which is the purpose of this study. This article presents the author’s structural and content model of training a specialist of an industrial transport university in the context of ensuring the quality of a competitive environment, developed on the basis of the principles of systemic, qualimetric and environmental approaches. The content of each of the blocks of the model is disclosed, indicating the ways and directions of further development of organizational processes of an industrial transport university in the context of ensuring the quality of a competitive environment. The developed structural and content model allowed us to establish the relationship of all the processes described in the model and find key points among such components as conditions, processes and results of educational activity. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that the parameters of the model are logically justified, their completeness and interrelation, the study of the patterns of interaction among themselves, contribute to the development of the theory of university management in modern conditions. This model can be used as a practical basis for universities to develop measures to achieve the quality of training specialists and ensure the quality of its competitive environment.

Keywords: structural and content model, specialist training, competitive environment, industrial transport university

Maralov Vladimir Georgiyevich, Maralova Tatyana Petrovna The study of the relationship of the Dark and Light personality triads with psychological capital in students // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 2 (54). P. 140-148

The relevance of the problem is due to the importance of identifying the relationships between integral personality characteristics that describe typical human behavior profiles. Such characteristics include Dark (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) and Light (faith in humanity, humanism, Kantianism) personality triads and psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, stability). The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the relationship between the features of the Dark and Light personality triads and the parameters of psychological capital. In total, 103 students of Cherepovets State University, aged from 17 to 22 years (average age – 18.3 years), took part in the study. Specific methods were: the Russian-language version of the questionnaire of the Dark Triad by D. Jones and D. Paulhus, adapted by M. S. Egorova, M. A. Sitnikova, O. V. Parshikova; the questionnaire of the Light Triad of personality, developed by S. B. Kaufman, D. B. Yaden, E. Hyde, E. Tsukayama; the Russian version of the questionnaire by F. Luthans, C. M. Youssef and B. J. Avolio to identify the parameters of psychological capital in the adaptation of V. G. Maralov, M. A. Kudaki, O. V. Smirnova. The Pearson linear correlation coefficient was used as a mathematical treatment. As a result, it was found that only narcissism, which positively correlated with self–efficacy, hope, optimism and stability, was positively correlated with psychological capital and its individual parameters from the traits of the Dark Triad, and from the traits of the Light Triad - faith in humanity, which turned out to be associated with self-efficacy, optimism and stability. In addition, a positive relationship between humanism and optimism was found. The obtained results make a certain contribution to understanding the problem of the relationship of integral personality characteristics with each other, can be used in the work of curators of student groups, as well as in the activities of psychological services of universities.

Keywords: Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, Light Triad, faith in humanity, humanism, Kantianism, psychological capital, self-efficacy, hope, optimism, stability

Romanov Aleksey Alekseyevich, Reviakina Valentina Ivanovna In memory of the teacher-scientist. To the 100th anniversary of A. P. Romanov // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 164-172

The article gives an idea of the people and events in our country in the early 1950s on the example of the life of Alexei Petrovich Romanov, a graduate of the Tomsk pedagogical institute, a student and colleague of professor F. F. Shamakhov. A. P. Romanov is known as a publicist on scientific and pedagogical topics, the author of informative and profound pedagogical articles and scientific research, including the candidate degree thesis “Children’s clubs as the basis of educational work of schoolchildren”. A. P. Romanov’s doctoral dissertation “Children’s and teenage clubs in the system of public education in the USSR (historical and pedagogical aspect)” significantly expanded the current club topics throughout the country. Already in the years of student studies of A. P. Romanov, the famous Tomsk scientist in the field of the history of pedagogy F. F. Shamakhov noted the high research potential of his student, predicted the further successful scientific growth of a promising young man. Throughout his life, the wise teacher F.F. Shamakhov provided him moral, paternally caring and friendly human support, stimulated scientific confidence in creative searches. In this article, now halfforgotten epistolary genre in the author’s edition of the academicians of the Russian Academy of Education is used as evidence of the high culture of written communication of the scientific intelligentsia of the 20th century.

Keywords: Scientific school of F. F. Shamakhov, history of pedagogy, research work, school children’s clubs, correspondence of famous scientists

Aleksandrova Marina Viktorovna, Trashchenkova Svetlana Aleksandrovna, Mednik Elena Alekseyevna Development of the skills of introspection of the professional activity of teachers // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 94-100

In modern conditions of the development of the education system, the implementation of a whole complex of pedagogical and managerial innovations, inter alia, with the assessment of the quality and effectiveness of the professional activity of teachers, is being introduced. The effectiveness of the educational process currently largely depends on how much the teacher is capable and ready not only for the formation of certain knowledge, skills in students, to disclose their creative potential, as well as to the development of their own professional competencies, the ability to find solutions in various pedagogical situations. In the work on the issue of introspection of pedagogical activity, several directions of studying this problem are systematized and distinguished: the formation and development of research, analytical and reflective skills of the teacher; Features of the training of teachers for various types of innovation, taking into account its specifics, including educational, methodological, expert, research. The article justifies the assumption that the formation of teachers of introspection skills is a prerequisite for their successful professional activity. The ability of a modern teacher to carry out introspection is the result of the interiorization of another experience. Three levels of readiness of the teacher to implement introspection are substantiated: at the first level, the formation of goal-setting and individual self-determination in pedagogical activity are assessed at the first level, the allocation of value guidelines; the second level is characterized by sufficient technological work, performing culture, normative literacy, guaranteeing the achievement of the goal; a feature of the third level is the formation of a reflexive superstructure, thanks to which the teacher is able to analyze his activities. Determination of levels allows us to distinguish the criteria and indicators of assessing the teacher’s readiness for introspection. Accordingly, it will be successful if professional pedagogical education is built in the logic of developing learning and professional dialogue and is aimed at developing introspection mechanisms, and modeling of reflective and analytical activity, the development of individual introspection models, become priority in the learning process. The results presented in the article can be used in the system of training future teachers and improving their qualifications.

Keywords: analysis, introspection, introspection of pedagogical activity, teacher’s readiness for introspection

Zhukova Natalya Vladimirovna, Vershinina Tatyana Stanislavovna THE UNITY OF THE PERSONAL CULTURE OF THE SUBJECT OF KNOWLEDGE AND A PROFESSIONAL SPEECH ACT IN THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL SPEECH CULTURE // Pedagogical Review. 2022. Issue 6 (46). P. 159-167

The formation of professional speech culture is associated with various aspects of the activity of the person in the process of cognition, reflects his personal properties and is reflected in the speech act. The relevance is due to the fact that under the conditions of ongoing transformations, it becomes necessary to revise and reassess the ideas about professional culture and comprehend the patterns of formation of the professional speech culture of the person in the process of cognition and the conditions for its formation. The purpose of the article is to formulate the principles of the formation of professional speech culture, due to the unity of the personal culture of the person in the process of cognition and the professional speech act. On the basis of theoretical and methodological analysis, the content of the concept of “professional speech culture” of the person in the process of cognition is derived, its connection with the external contexts of educational activity that influence the formation of the internal context of the person in the process of cognition is described; a speech act is analyzed as a unit of activity and its conditionality by theoretical contexts that influence the dynamics of change in the person in the process of cognition as they acquire a professional culture and develop and manifest their personal culture, forming a professional speech culture represented in a speech act. The practical significance of the article lies in revealing the unity of the personal culture of the person in the process of cognition and the professional speech act and formulating the principles for the formation of the professional speech culture of the person in the process of cognition.

Keywords: professional speech culture, professional speech act, person in the process of cognition, contextual education, personal culture of the subject of cognition, internal cross-cultural context

Gurtskoy Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Personal and emotional-volitional components as determinants of the decision-making process // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 113-121

Introduction. The relevance of the study of the peculiarities of decision-making and manifestation in this process of individual psychological features of personality is indicated. In the study of decisionmaking of specialists and managers, there were high scores on the scales of “Vigilance” and “Hupervigilance”, as well as the use of such a mechanism of psychological protection as “Intellectualization”, which indicates an increased awareness of the consequences in the choice of the decision, the tendency to apply productive behavioral strategies (constructive coping); in decision-making they rely on reason rather than intuitive thinking; when a problem situation arises, they seek certainty in position. In a separate group of specialists and managers, the traits of “over-vigilance” were identified that prevent the process of orientation in a problem situation, because of which the individual uses spontaneous and chaotic behavior and may make mistakes in choosing possible options for action. When studying the decision-making of performers, high scores were noted on the scales “Avoidance” and “Procrastination”, as well as the use of such a psychological defense mechanism as “Denial”, which indicates that when problem situations arise, they tend to use coping strategies, aimed at avoiding difficulties or “postponing” important matters for the following days, which is also expressed in the transfer of responsibility to other people and life circumstances, speaking of bad luck or prejudice on the part of the management team; insufficient assessment of the circumstances, avoidance of difficulties and responsibility, which is also confirmed by the results of the questionnaire aimed at making decisions. Features of decision-making are of interest for further study by modern psychological science, due to the fact that they manifest the individual psychological characteristics of a particular person and the effectiveness of its activities in the production process and other aspects of functioning, including human behavior in a stressful situation.

Keywords: features of decision-making, constructive and destructive behavior, psychological defense mechanisms

Nelyubin Nikolay Ivanovich Transspective analysis as a method of historical and psychological research // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 140-149

In modern historical and psychological research carried out in line with post-non-classical methodology, there is a need to move cognitive landmarks: from directions, schools, research programs, concepts of a certain historical period in the development of psychological science to the ways of thinking implemented in them and types of rationality; from a monological, retrospective description of the processes of formation and transformation of the conceptual apparatus of a particular psychological school to a reflexive-dialogical reconstruction of the conceptual heritage of eternally relevant scientists, in the light of today and tomorrow in the development of psychology; from the usual thematic headings and sections of psychological knowledge to the areas of “overlapping” (metaphor V. E. Klochko) of different types of scientific rationality, within the moving boundaries of which the processes of “rebirth of the scientific fabric” (metaphor L. S. Vygotsky) of psychology were most actively and fruitfully going; from well-known and recognized theories to concepts that were previously recognized as peripheral or even marginal, but containing underestimated heuristic potential; from the traditions of adaptation in psychology of natural-science explanatory schemes to the assimilation by scientists-psychologists of the philosophical and ideological heritage and the descriptive potential of literature and art. In order to compare the traditional and post-non-classical views on historical and psychological research, the author proposes the metaphors of “restoration” and “renaissance”, which illustrate different approaches to the reconstruction of historical forms of scientific thought: the preservation of the conceptual “monuments” of psychological science and the meaningful reconstruction of the conceptual heritage of psychology with a constructive revision its heuristic potential. The effectiveness of the application of transspective analysis (developed by V. E. Klochko) in historical and psychological research is substantiated, since it allows: to overcome the rigid conceptual boundaries of conditionally closed scientific systems and schools; to understand the natural tendencies of the complication of psychological knowledge, taking into account the tendencies of changing the types of scientific rationality; to model the possible communication of such psychological concepts, between which there are significant temporal or paradigmatic distances; to simulate an incessant dialogue and confrontation of scientists whose scientific views were conceptually consonant, despite the fact that they were not contemporaries or, being contemporaries, for various reasons, were not clear representatives of one opponent circle.

Keywords: history of psychology, methodology, subject matter of psychology, psychological concepts, transspective analysis, reflection

Mitina Larisa Maksimovna Analytical review of psychological research as the scientific basis of innovative development of pedagogical education in modern Russia // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 146-156

Modern social conditions impose new requirements on teacher training and encourage to change the content and technology of the professional and educational process at the university, to increase attention to personal and professional development, general culture and erudition of future teachers. The purpose of the scientific review is to analyze and synthesize, generalize and systematize, conceptualize scientific ideas of psychological research aimed at developing prospects and strategies for the development of continuing pedagogical education, new psychological approaches to updating the content, technologies and methods of pedagogical activity and advanced training of teachers, convergence of national educational traditions, innovations and retronovations. The psychological analysis of the most promising studies of the professional activity of a teacher made it possible to draw the following conclusions: the prospects of continuous pedagogical education should be associated with national traditions, with continuity in cultural life, value attitude to a person, polysubject interaction of people, cultural forms of communication based on moral principles, more meaningful cooperation of a teacher and a psychologist, etc. The accumulated global and domestic pre-revolutionary and Soviet experience aimed at optimizing the results of educational activities in schools and universities should be rethought and taken into account at the present stage of education development. These ideas formed the basis of the structural and content model of the new practice of psychological training of teachers developed by us, including target, content (personal, interpersonal, professional), technological, organizational, strategic levels.

Keywords: continuous pedagogical education, personal and professional development, systemic personal-developmental approach, convergence of traditions, innovations and retronovations, polysubject community «teacher-student», psychological research, innovative practice of teacher training

Dugarova Tuyana Tsyrenovna, Damdinov Aldar Valeryevich, Trofimova Evgenia Michailovna Emotional and cognitive components of the national identity of the traditional ethnic groups of Mongolia // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 122-129

The article deals with the question of demonstrating the features of the national identity of traditional ethnic groups under the influence of globalization and ethnic revival. Ethnic groups found themselves in the face of new challenges and a continuous process of clash of values, transformation of identity components due to the acuteness of the interaction of “their own” and “others” in the world of traditions and in the world of integration of cultures. The methodological basis for the analysis of national identity is the idea of the realities of the outside world as a condition for the development and existence of the individual, which was revealed in the scientific school of V. S. Mukhina “Phenomenology of the development and existence of personality”. We consider the coupling of the realities of the external world (the objective world, the natural world, the realities of figurative-sign systems and the realities of the socio-normative space) as a condition for the development and existence of a person, which determines national identity. The aim of the study was to determine the emotional and cognitive components of the national identity of small ethnic of Western Mongols: Myangat, Torgut, Khoton, Uriankhai and Olet. The respondents’ national identity is characterized by a high stereotyped awareness of “their own” and “others”, the predominance of the emotional evaluation factor, the high importance of the traditional attitude to the objective world, the natural world, the realities of figurative and symbolic systems and the realities of the socio-normative space.

Keywords: national identity, ethnic identification, self-determination, ethnic minority, ethnic majority, traditional values

Slikishina Irina Vikentyevna, Drobakhina Anastasya Nikolaevna Information systems of the digital educational environment of the school in the professional training of future subject teachers // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 48-57

The implementation of the national project “Education” requires a change in approaches to the learning process at school and university. The federal project “Digital Educational Environment” implemented within the framework of this national project contains a description of the specific goals and objectives of training teachers who are able to carry out professional activities in the conditions of digitalization of the educational environment. The purpose of the article is to analyze the implementation of the discipline “Information systems of the digital educational environment of the school” in the training of future subject teachers at a pedagogical university. The basis of the research is the academic discipline “Information systems of the digital educational environment of the school”, aimed at mastering information systems and technical equipment of the digital educational environment of the school by students of the IV–V courses of pedagogical specialties of the Kuzbass Humanitarian Pedagogical Institute of Kemerovo State University (KSPI KemGU). The research materials indicate the problems of introducing modern technical and software tools of the digital school environment into the educational process of training future teachers. In the course of the study, it was found that for the successful implementation of information systems and technical means to ensure a digital educational environment, a different approach to the planning of the training course is required and, accordingly, the redistribution of time for the preparation and conduct of classes on the basis of technical support of the course. The entrance survey of students aimed at studying students’ attitudes to the use of information systems and technical means of the digital educational environment in professional activities showed that the main difficulty is the lack of opportunities for self-study using technical equipment that ensures the functioning of the digital educational environment based on digital services. Nevertheless, in the course of the study, it was found that at present conditions have been created at KSPI KemGU for the successful implementation of information systems and technical means of the digital educational environment in the educational process of the university in the preparation of future teachers. The author’s course of the discipline “Information systems of the digital educational environment of the school” has been developed using modern capabilities of information systems and technical means to ensure the work of a digital school. The research materials are of interest to scientific and pedagogical communities discussing the development of the digital educational environment of the school.

Keywords: information systems, digital school, digital services, training of future teachers, educational process at the university, digital educational environment

Pozdeeva Svetlana Ivanovna REVIEW of the book “Tolstoy’s School: The Path to Sensible Education”: scientific and methodical publication. L. V. Babiy, E. A. Voloshina, E. G. Gelfman, L. M. Dolgova, N. V. Kudryavaya, I. V. Malakhova, Z. L. Monasevich; Eds. E. A. Voloshina, L. M. Dolgovaya. Tomsk, TSPU Publ., 2022. 336 p. // Pedagogical Review. 2022. Issue 6 (46). P. 215-217

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Kairova Lidiya Alekseyevna, Lukyanova Natalya Nikolaevna Features of the organization of pre-school training of bilingual children in the Republic of Tajikistan // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 16-23

The article presents an analysis of the experience of working with bilingual children of six years in the conditions of preschool training for Russian schools opened in the Republic of Tajikistan. The educational process in these schools will be carried out in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education of the Russian Federation. The features of the implementation of the pre-school training program, developed in accordance with the requirements of the preschool education standard and tested in classes with bilingual children, are described. The features of bilingual six-year-olds are determined. The methods of organizing educational and play activities of preschool children who have mastered the Russian language at different levels are described, which in the future may cause difficulties for students in achieving subject and meta-subject results determined by the educational program. The speech environment is characterized, which has formed a natural bilingualism in the child and does not contribute to enriching the speech experience of a preschooler. The reasons for the difficulties in teaching bilingual children are explained. The reasons of difficulties in conducting classes on pre-school preparation, which arise both in children and in the teacher, are revealed. The stages of the organization of preschool training of future first-graders are presented, the essential directions of this work, including linguistic and mathematical content, are considered. Based on the results of work in the conditions of preschool preparation, the main conclusions are made that can guide primary school teachers implementing the educational process in Russian schools of the Republic of Tajikistan.

Keywords: pre-school preparation, bilingual child, psychological readiness, six-year-old child

Shevchenko Maria Sergeevna, Bayko Valeria Alexandrovna Experience of using a point-rating system for the discipline “Russian language of business communication” in Sevastopol State University // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 6 (52). P. 51-59

As the title implies the article deals with the experience of using a point-rating system for evaluating the results of students’ educational achievements in Sevastopol State University. Conducted survey is presented on the example of the discipline “Business communication in Russian language”. The article goes into detail about the specifics of implementing the point-rating system for assessing the results of students’ educational achievements at Sevastopol State University using the example of the discipline “Business Communication in Russian”. The purpose of the article is to present the experience of using a point-rating system to evaluate the results of students’ educational achievements and to study the attitude of students towards the use of a point-rating system at a university. The text provides valuable information about the practical significance of the study, which presents an example of a rating system that includes a list of additional rating tasks. The results obtained can be used by university teachers to improve the point-rating system in a number of other communication disciplines. Experimental data that presented the opinions of Sevastopol State University students regarding the use of the point-rating system in the educational process is analyzed. This data was obtained in the course of an empirical study, the advantages and problems of using the system were identified. Conclusions are drawn about the need to improve and develop the system with an emphasis on the content and methodological components.

Keywords: point-rating system, evaluation of the results of educational achievements, rating, training course, assessment tools, current certification, questioning

Kurushin Pavel Dmitriyevich Features of teaching in educational institutions of the penitentiary type // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 36-46

The article describes the features of the convict’s behavior, analyzes his personality and how long-term isolation from society affects it. The lack of full-fledged social interaction has a number of negative effects on a person’s mental health. The purpose of the criminal executive legislation of Russia is the correction of convicts, as well as the prevention of the commission of new crimes. In order for a full-fledged law-abiding citizen to return to society, who would benefit the state and society, it is necessary to make a lot of efforts by the employees of the correctional institution. The final result of educational work depends on the level of competence of teachers. In addition to high professionalism, the teacher must have certain qualities and show great patience and flexibility in working with young people in the colony. In order for the work done to be effective, it is necessary to apply various pedagogical technologies, modern non-traditional forms and methods of work. Particular attention is paid to what difficulties the teacher faces when working in an unfavorable environment, what features he subsequently acquires, what barriers he encounters on his way and what is necessary in order to overcome them. The article presents the specifics and general state of the educational process in the colony. A set of problems is considered, the solution of which is possible only under the condition of mutual interest of representatives of branch science, teaching staff of schools of correctional colonies and heads of institutions.

Keywords: convict, student, educational work, education, correction, penitentiary system, teacher

Bayandina Olga Vasilyevna, Gafurova Nataliya Vladimirovna Self-assessment of competencies by students in the disciplines of the professional cycle of technical areas of training // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 6 (52). P. 69-78

The results of self-assessment of universal and professional competencies, reflexive assessment of their own activities by students in the educational process of which productive educational technologies were designed and consistently implemented in the disciplines of the professional cyccle. The results obtained allow us to assert that students’ self-assessment shows the positive relevance of universal competencies in the implementation of professional cycle disciplines using productive technologies. It is scientifically proved that the use of productive technologies in the disciplines of the professional cycle allows students to fix their positive state within the framework of self-assessment of competencies, which enriches the pedagogical theory of the scientific specialty “General Pedagogy, history of pedagogy and education” in the sections “Quality of education. Pedagogical measurements. Theoretical, methodological foundations for measuring the quality of education” and contributes to the further development of a competence-based approach in engineering education. The author’s diagnostics of self-assessment of students’ competencies in the implementation of disciplines of the professional cycle using productive technologies has been developed. The idea of the possibilities of students’ self-assessment of universal and professional competencies in the disciplines of the professional cycle implemented by productive technologies has been expanded.

Keywords: Universal and professional competencies, learning outcomes, competence approach, self-assessment, productive technologies, reflection

Markova Nataliya Aleksandrovna Organization of foreign language adaptation training in a technical university during the pandemic // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 58-66

In connection with the threat of the spread of a new coronavirus in March 2020, all Russian universities had to switch to a distance learning format. The mass transition to a distance format of training has revealed a number of problems and contradictions in the possibilities of implementing higher education programs in a distant form. This required a deep and detailed analysis of different aspects of distance training, the readiness of all participants in the educational process, the availability of material, technical and methodological support. The article considers the issues of organization of Foreign Language adaptation training in a technical university during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author believes that the general objective changes of compulsory distance training process are also typical for Foreign Language adaptation training. The contradictions emerged in this period are revealed on the example of Tomsk Polytechnic University. The article gives proof of the necessity of more in-depth study of the adaptation training mechanisms and principles. The importance of identifying the key points that ensured successful pedagogical support of adaptation course during the pandemic is emphasized. The conclusion is made that the digital transformation of the Russian education system is inevitable, but it is necessary to think about a systematic approach to building a new educational environment.

Keywords: COVID-19, digital transformation of education, online training, Foreign Language adaptation training, distance technologies, technical university

Pavlov Valeriy Yuryevich, Bobina Ol'ga Nikolaevna, Vyazigin Alexey Yur'evich Kettlebell sport: content and methods of teaching students of the Institute of Physical Culture using crossfit elements // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 111-120

The article deals with the issue of the formation of knowledge and skills for preparing students at the training sessions of the course of sports improvement “Kettlebell lifting”, taught at the Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of the Tomsk State Pedagogical University. A modern version of teaching theoretical and physical training methods to students of the Institute of Physical Education and Sports using CrossFit elements is presented. CrossFit is a type of physical activity that consists of a high-intensity strength training program. The program is made up of exercises from other sports, such as: kettlebell lifting, weightlifting, powerlifting, gymnastics, athletics and others. This technique is based on scientific and methodological principles and approaches to the process of training and development of strength endurance in kettlebell lifting. The developed methodology consists of the following components: theoretical topics, practical training topics for the development of physical qualities, means of influencing muscle groups, a training program with crossfit elements, exposure doses, work intensity and rest intervals between sets. A wide range of teaching methods are used, both general pedagogical and specific, such as: explanation, conversation, story, discussion, methods of strictly regulated exercises (repeated, variable, uniform, interval, circuit training method); competitive and game methods. The results of the impact of the developed methodology before and after the experiment are presented. The effectiveness of the developed method of teaching students, aimed at the formation of knowledge and skills for the development of physical qualities during kettlebell lifting, has been experimentally proven.

Keywords: kettlebell lifting, teaching methods, training sessions, crossfit, theoretical knowledge, practical skills, physical fitness, strength endurance

Demidova Olga Mikhailovna, Pozdeeva Svetlana Ivanovna “Academic skills”: to the problem of concept assimilation in Russian pedagogical science // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 17-23

The concept “academic skills” is gaining popularity in Russia. However, there are some issues from the point of view of its interpretation into Russian, its similarity to the terms in Russian methodological and pedagogical sciences and its assimilation and acquisition. Hence, it is difficult to determine the place of the concept “academic skills” in the process of training in the system of Russian tertiary education. Methods of theoretical analysis of English-language sources, including academic dictionaries (Collins, Oxford, Webster) have been used, as well as Russian sources in the fields of psychology, didactics and linguistics. Also, methods of comparative analysis, schemas to demonstrate the contents of different meanings of the term “academic skills” have been presented. The article deals with the definitions of the term “academic skills” given in English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries, as well as with the usage of its. The use of Russian-language analogues of this term is being studied in methodological and pedagogical sciences. The conclusion has been done that in Russian pedagogical and methodological sciences this term can be used as “academic abilities”, “academic skills”, and “academic competencies”. It has also been suggested that it is important to determine a border between these concepts from the point of view of the level of the linguistic competence of students at non-linguistic majors.

Keywords: academic skills, academic abilities, academic competencies, speech

Fei Yan. Music education transformation in China: from origins to digital technologies // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 70-79

The development of musical training system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), based on national traditions, both theoretically and practically, from its origins to the era of digital technology, is considered. For this purpose, the theoretical notions of musical professional education in China are systematized in correlation with the main historical stages of the country’s development and in the conditions of its reform. It is shown that modern music education in China dates back to the early twentieth century, when other countries had already formed music schools (in the broadest sense of the word); accordingly, the formation of Chinese musicology and music teaching methods initially relied on foreign traditions, including them in the millennial practical experience of mastering the musical art, accumulated by the ancient civilization. Since the adoption of the Western system of music education, many music courses and teaching methods have remained unchanged for many years. Modern music education places greater demands on the education of the teacher of higher education, the structure of knowledge, cultural development and quality of teaching, including mastery of digital technologies. At present, the level of training of Chinese music teachers is uneven, and it takes a large number of dedicated, hard-working, high-level music teachers to fill the gaps in Chinese music education that are holding back the development of Chinese music.

Keywords: music education, digitalization of education, digital technology, traditions of music education in China

Medvedeva Elena Yurievna, Uromova Svetlana Evgenievna The use of schemes in speech therapy work with younger bilingual schoolchildren // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 17-27

The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental study of the problem relevant for pedagogy and speech therapy. Its relevance is associated with an increase in the number of bilingual children who have problems in mastering the school curriculum. Theoretical analysis of the problem allowed us to state the contradiction between the need to overcome the difficulties of mastering the laws of the Russian language by bilingual children and the insufficient development of a systematic approach to understanding and studying the mechanisms of speech competence and the search for effective technologies to overcome it, taking into account its determining factors. The results of a comparative experimental study indicate difficulties in teaching students with bilingualism, the different nature of these difficulties and the need for special correctional assistance. Pedagogically organized inclusion of children of grades 3–4 with bilingualism in the system of speech therapy through a purposefully organized educational space of interacting subjects: speech therapist, teacher and parents is considered as a condition for overcoming learning difficulties. The features of the content of speech therapy work with bilinguals are considered from the standpoint of taking into account the similarities and differences of the two language systems in which the child exists and learns, understanding the mechanism of difficulties in mastering the language in which the training is conducted. For this purpose, the lessons include generalized schemes aimed at forming an associative connection of the transition from one language to another. The study implements a psycholinguistic approach to the study and implementation of speech pedagogical assistance to primary school children with bilingualism.

Keywords: bilingualism, monolinguals, bilinguals, speech therapy program, generalized schemes, Russian language, Tatar language

Serafimovich Irina Vladimirovna Potential and peculiarities of structural-level organization of professional pedagogical thinking // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 120-130

The currency of the survey is occasioned by the fact that consideration of the professional thinking as a resource, demands widening of apprehension of it as a metasystem, which includes cognitive, metacognitive, personal and resourceful and behavioral components. The data of the research of professional thinking of preschool teachers (n = 70), supported by a metasystem approach, has been presented in the article. The peculiarities of structural-level organization of pedagogical professional thinking on a systemic level have been defined: it has been concluded that teachers, who work with preschool children, represent all the levels of professional thinking, simultaneously they more often make situational decisions with suprasituational direction (in 1/3 of cases) and exactly this level has been characterized as more organized structurally compared to others. The similarities and differences of professional thinking depending on specialization and location of a preschool educational establishment have been evolved (partially in the qualities of suprasituational thinking and metacognitive characteristics). It has been established that there is a partial connection between components-subsystems of professional pedagogical thinking: the suprasituational level of thinking is related to self-actualization, self-management and self-interest involve behavioral flexibility and creative solutions of problem situations, self-confidence is positively combined with metacognitive characteristics and comprehensiveness of analysis of a problem situation. The conception of potential of professional thinking, new for psychological and pedagogical science, has been suggested. The results obtained can be used in preschool education towards achieving performance indicators of educational activities.

Keywords: professional pedagogical thinking, cognitive, metacognitive and personal peculiarities, preschool teachers, potential of thinking, structural-level organization of thinking, metasystem approach

Valuyeva Olga Nikolaevna Formation of regional linguistic knowledge of foreign philology students using booktrailer technology // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 6 (52). P. 60-68

The article discusses the possibilities of forming the linguistic knowledge of foreign students in the process of constructing a booktrailer based on the material of a popular scientific book - a linguoculturological dictionary of regional onomastics, built on a thematic principle, taking into account the motivation of region names. The characteristics of the booktrailer video technology are given, the experience is presented and the expediency of teaching this technology to philology students who will be able to use the acquired skills in their future pedagogical practice is proved. The learning process is shown on the material of training videos. Special attention is paid to the representation of the cultural and historical background of Pskov godonyms, their connection with important historical events and famous cultural figures for the region is revealed. The stages of a methodological experiment are described, the results of which showed that students mastered a new video technology, gained additional knowledge on the history of Russia and the Pskov region, learned to reveal the cultural background of godonyms in linguoculturological comments. Thus, the expediency of involving students in the construction of a book trailer was confirmed in order to expand their linguistic and local knowledge and improve their skills in the field of video technology.

Keywords: Russian as a foreign language, regional linguoculturological dictionary, video technologies, booktrailer, international students

Suntsova Yana Sergeyevna The connection of mothers’ emotional burnout with irrational beliefs // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 1 (53). P. 149-158

The article presents the results of a study of the connection of mothers’ emotional burnout with their irrational attitudes in thinking, such as “catastrophization”, “ought towards others”, “ought towards oneself”, “intolerance of frustration”, “evaluative attitude”. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the problem of irrational attitudes is becoming more and more relevant due to the expansion and deepening every year of problems related to parental burnout, the inability of mothers to carry out their functions for the development and upbringing of children, to realize the availability of internal resources that can help in overcoming crisis situations; in the presence of attempts to scientifically comprehend the problem of irrational attitudes in psychology, there are currently a number of unexplored issues, in particular, the identification of irrational attitudes of mothers underlying their emotional burnout, which was the problem field of the study. The greatest number of links between the indicators of emotional burnout of mothers was established with the irrational attitudes “intolerance of frustration” and “evaluation attitude”, reflecting the degree of intolerance by mothers of various frustrating situations and the tendency to evaluate not individual traits or actions of people, but the personality as a whole. In the theoretical aspect, knowledge on the problems of emotional burnout of mothers, irrational attitudes have been enriched, an analysis of the approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the definition of the categories “emotional burnout”, “irrational attitudes” has been carried out. In practical terms, the results of the study can be used in the activities of a psychologist to correct and prevent the syndrome of emotional burnout of mothers, which will minimize the consequences of distress that mothers experience in parenthood.

Keywords: irrational beliefs, emotional burnout, mothers, cognitive psychotherapy

Sidorkina Kira Sergeyevna Features of professional training of foreign specialists at a medical university // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 2 (54). P. 95-103

Due to the expansion in the number of international students entering Russian medical universities, there is an increasing need to modernize the educational process using methods, techniques and technologies that are most effective for learning, understanding and memorizing the studied material, as well as the formation and development of general professional and professional competencies of future doctors, taking into account the specificity of the educational process at a medical university and national psychological characteristics of foreign students. The purpose of the article is to identify the specificity of teaching principal medical subjects to foreign students and recommendations for teachers on the organization of the process of teaching foreign medical students principal medical subjects, ordering the basic methods, techniques and technologies of teaching foreign students to such principal medical subjects as human anatomy, biological chemistry, intermediate level therapy, pharmacology, microbiology and virology, traumatology and orthopedics, infectious diseases. The article summarizes the main methods, techniques and technologies used in teaching foreign students basic medical subjects both in Russian and in an intermediary language, aimed at the formation and development of their general professional and professional competencies.

Keywords: professional education, methods of training foreign students, teaching specialized medical disciplines, organization of training, recommendations for teachers, medical universities, medical education

Zakharova Larisa Mikhaylovna, Andrianova Elena Ivanovna, Zabbarova Marina Gennadyevna Ideas of folk pedagogy in the field of a healthy lifestyle in the professional training of teachers of preschool and primary education // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 36-44

In modern socio-cultural conditions, the demand for folk experience in physical education and the formation of a healthy lifestyle is increasing. Objectives of the article: to analyze the pedagogical baggage of folk pedagogy from the standpoint of ideas in the field of physical education and a healthy lifestyle, to identify the degree of students’ readiness to implement the ideas of folk pedagogy in the field of a healthy lifestyle, to adjust the content of academic disciplines with the inclusion of folk values in them in the field of a healthy lifestyle. The analysis of proverbs and sayings made it possible to single out several aspects of a healthy lifestyle presented in them: the importance of health, movement, nutrition in human life, the role of labor activity, the relevance of hardening. The article systematizes the main factors in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the younger generation: practical (folk games), value-semantic (traditions and customs), verbal-normative (proverbs and sayings). In order to determine the readiness of students to use the traditions and means of folk pedagogy in the physical education of preschoolers and younger schoolchildren, a survey of 95 first and second year students of the full-time and correspondence departments of the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology was conducted in three profiles: “Preschool education. Primary education”, “Preschool education”, “Primary education. Additional education. The results of the survey made it possible to outline the directions for including the wisdom of folk education in the content of the professional training of future teachers. The results of the survey showed the expediency of including sections in the disciplines of vocational training that reveal the views of peoples on a healthy lifestyle, traditional folk means of physical education and the methodology for their use in kindergartens and elementary schools; raising the general cultural level of students in the study of the disciplines “Ethnopedagogy”, “Formation of a polyethnic culture of younger students”, regional culture.

Keywords: folk pedagogy, healthy lifestyle, students, professional activity, folk games, educator, primary school teacher

Pakhalian Viktor Eduardovich The origins of difficulties in the work of a practical educational psychologist and ways to overcome them // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 131-140

The article raises the problem of difficulties that are increasingly often encountered by psychologists who provide psychological assistance in educational institutions. The author focuses on the origins of such obstacles and possible ways to overcome them. Based on the analysis and comparison of the texts of various publications (from legal and regulatory documents to the text of special studies), the author’s understanding of the main sources of this kind of difficulties that are increasingly experienced by practical psychologists of education, their possible causes, as well as ways and means of overcoming them are indicated. The study conducted by the author showed that the main causes of difficulties in the work of a practical psychologist of education are: 1) regulatory and legal; 2) methodological; 3) educational; 4) personal (personal-professional). The author’s vision of those ways and means that can help to overcome them is presented. As such, the following stand out: a) the definition of those characteristics of the activities of psychologists that should be the main ones in the Federal State Educational Standards and PS, in regulatory departmental documents on the activities of a teacher-psychologist; b) overcoming the “methodological chaos” in understanding the essence of practical psychology, creating a professional and scientifically correct understanding of the content of both the most practical psychology in the field of education and the main types of work of a practical psychologist of education; c) normative consolidation of the place and role of the individual in this profession, specialty.

Keywords: practical psychology, practical psychology in the field of education, causes of difficulties in the work of a practical educational psychologist, personal qualities of a practical educational psychologist, ways of overcoming difficulties in the work of a practical psychologist of education

Zarutskiy Vladimir Yanovich, Semizdralova Olga Anatolyevna Features of the development of emotional burnout among teachers of preschool educational institutions // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 2 (54). P. 129-139

The article deals with the phenomenon of “emotional burnout”, the relevance of the study of which remains in the conditions of modern education. Definitions of this concept formulated by various authors are given. Various factorial and procedural models of burnout development are presented. The symptoms of burnout at different stages of its development are described. The description of the factors of the development of burnout syndrome identified in various psychological studies is given. Specific factors of burnout development depending on professional activity are highlighted. The reasons for the development of burnout among teachers of schools, preschool educational institutions and students of pedagogical universities are analyzed. All three categories of teachers indicate as the reasons for the development of burnout a high emotional, physical, and communicative load; a high level of social requirements; mismatch of expectations of the real situation in education. A comparative analysis of the symptoms and phases of emotional burnout syndrome among teachers of preschool educational institutions and teachers of secondary educational schools was carried out. The data of an empirical study of the symptoms of emotional burnout among teachers of preschool educational institutions are presented. The results obtained allowed us to identify a number of specific age-related features and trends in the development of emotional burnout syndrome in preschool workers. The diagnostic results obtained by V. V. Boyko’s method of diagnosing emotional burnout showed that, regardless of age, in most cases a phase of “Resistance” is formed, the most pronounced is the symptom of “Experiencing traumatic circumstances”, the least pronounced is the symptom of “Emotional and moral disorientation”. The materials presented in this article can be used when planning work on the prevention and overcoming of emotional burnout among employees of preschool educational institutions.

Keywords: phenomenon of emotional burnout, burnout models, teachers, preschool educational institutions

Lukyanchenko Natalya Vladimirovna, Zakharova Lidiya Stanislavovna, Alikin Mark Igorevich Gender features of the relationship of evaluative conceptions with characteristics of self-attitude in adolescents // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 2 (54). P. 168-178

Adolescence is a critical age for developing one’s own idea of social-normative assessment. This occurs in the correlation of the emerging system of one’s own assessments with different social contexts and the self-attitude of a maturing person. In line with the new direction of research on gender socialization in a transitive society, the question of the specifics of this relationship among adolescents of different sexes is of particular interest. In the corresponding study with the participation of Krasnoyarsk teenagers (N=145), the following were used: the author’s “Questionnaire of Evaluative Ideas”, “Self-Attitude Questionnaire” by V. V. Stolina, S. R. Pantileeva, “Self-Concept Scale for Children” (methodology of Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale by E. Pierce and D. Harris, adapted by A. M. Prikhozhan). Correlation analysis of the data showed that the connection between evaluative ideas and characteristics of self-attitude in samples of girls and boys has common and distinctive features. Common ones include the connection with a positive self-attitude of the prosocial nature of one’s own assessments and the perceived assessments of friends, as well as the greater tolerance, according to adolescents, of assessments by parents and other adults of anti- and antisocial actions. Specific features include a significantly wider range of connections between evaluative ideas and self-attitude in the sample of girls and a different structure of distribution of these connections among adolescents of different sexes. For girls, the greatest number of significant connections with the characteristics of selfattitude have assessments of manifestations of social success, for boys - assessments of compliance of behavioral manifestations with ethical requirements. As well as a large number of connections between approving assessments and self-attitude, manifestations of honesty stand out in girls, and balanced behavior in situations of disagreement in boys.

Keywords: teenagers, ideas, self-attitude, gender characteristics

Pigarev Aleksandr Yuryevich Computer trainers as a tool to overcome difficulties in learning mathematics // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 102-110

It is the lack of working memory that is considered as the main reason for the difficulties in mastering mathematics. To overcome difficulties in mastering mathematics, computer trainers of working memory based on mathematical content are offered. If trainers do not have a mathematical component, but are aimed only at improving the functioning of the main components of a person’s working memory (articulation loop, visual-spatial notepad and central administrator), then classes with them do not lead to a noticeable improvement in academic performance, perhaps due to a significant lag behind current program. The computer trainers developed by the author and available on the site workingmemory.ru are aimed at both developing basic computing skills and training working memory. The subject of trainers was determined both on the basis of the author’s own observations and on the basis of an analysis of typical mistakes of USE participants published on the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements website (fipi.ru). At the time of publication, nine trainers have been created and tested. The trainers are available at workingmemory.ru immediately after registration. The paper presents the data of approbation of trainers in the preparation courses for the Unified State Examination and their comparison with the results of studies by other authors. The average time to complete one calculation task is presented, practical recommendations are given. The use of author’s trainers as a tool for developing computational skills, increasing the efficiency of mathematics classes and training the working memory of students is substantiated.

Keywords: teaching mathematics, working memory, mental counting, digitalization of education

Pozdeeva Svetlana Ivanovna Review of the book by Dorota Klus-Stan’skaya “Paradigms of didactics. Thinking theoretically about practice” (translated from Polish by A. A. Polonnikov; edited by N. D. Korchalova. Moscow, National Education Publ., 2022. 320 p.) // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 173-177

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Shabanova Irina Anatolyevna, Kovaleva Svetlana Vladimirovna Mastering the discipline “Modern means of evaluating learning outcomes” at a pedagogical university // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 6 (52). P. 79-86

The relevance of studying and developing means of evaluating learning outcomes in modern education in the preparation of undergraduates in a pedagogical university is described. The first stage includes familiarization with the purpose and objectives of the course, updating knowledge about the control of learning outcomes, types, forms and methods of control and mastering the control-evaluation system of education in modern conditions. Students get acquainted with the concepts: authentic assessment, testing, test specification, test task forms, control-measuring materials on the subject, assessment scales. At the next stage, independent work of students is organized to develop methodological materials on the chosen topic of the school course in chemistry. An exemplary algorithm of learning activities is proposed, including a methodological description of the topic, its planning with the inclusion of means for monitoring learning outcomes, and a list of tasks for compiling didactic materials to control schoolchildren’s knowledge. An approximate set of tasks includes: control questions and tasks on theoretical material, test tasks, case situations, crossences, calculation tasks and digital educational resources. Examples of some tasks developed by undergraduates on the topic “Hydrogen” are given. At the final stage, students submit a report on completed assignments in the form of a portfolio, which is evaluated by the teacher using a point-rating system.

Keywords: academic discipline “Modern means of assessing learning outcomes”, individual independent work, control tasks and questions, test tasks, case situations, crossenсes, digital educational resources, portfolio

Rybak Marina Viktorovna The influence of socio-cultural and scientific-pedagogical factors on the development of approaches to teaching foreign languages in the late XX – early XXI century // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 1 (53). P. 73-78

At the end of the XX – beginning of the XXI century, significant changes are taking place in the domestic language education, which led to a revision of the entire system of teaching foreign languages at all levels of education. Socio-cultural and scientific-pedagogical factors served as a kind of trigger for the modernization and development of approaches to the study of foreign languages. Against the background of rapidly expanding international cooperation in the 1990s, the pedagogical community focused its attention on the development of new approaches to language teaching. A detailed study of the influence of socio-cultural and scientific-pedagogical factors on the development of approaches to teaching foreign languages has been carried out. Concrete examples of the expansion and expansion of intercultural relations between Russia and Western countries after the collapse of the USSR are given. It is stated that rapidly developing international cooperation required people who speak foreign languages. Based on the theoretical analysis of scientific works of teachers, linguists and methodologists, the key ideas of communicative and culturological approaches to teaching foreign languages are characterized. It is concluded that communicative and culturological approaches to the study of foreign languages were designed to optimally promote their rapid assimilation, the development of communicative competence, the acquisition of communication skills with representatives of other countries, the comprehension of the culture of other peoples for productive interaction in various fields of human activity.

Keywords: approach to teaching, foreign languages, communicative competence, socio-cultural factors, scientific and pedagogical factors

Shishlyannikova Nina Petrovna Meaning of music in forming of artistic picture of the world and spiritual world of person // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 60-67

The article outlines the problem of ensuring the orientation of modern general education towards the harmonious development of the individual by achieving balance in curricula between subjects that form the scientific and artistic worldviews is outlined. The necessity of overcoming the underestimation of school subjects of the aesthetic circle in the spiritual formation of the personality is substantiated. The typical features of scientific and artistic knowledge are considered, the significance of each of them in the formation of a holistic picture of the world is substantiated. The definition of the artistic picture of the world as a specific form of reproduction of objective reality in the artistic images of different types of art is given. The ideological aspects of music, its significance in the development of the possibilities of perception and re-feeling of the musical context, in the emotional-intellectual, artistic-creative, spiritual development of children are considered. The data of a questionnaire survey and essays of schoolchildren on the importance of music in their lives, conducted at the end of the seventh year of study, are presented. The presented results make it possible to judge the professional skills of the teacher and the existing system of working with children in a general education school, in which the musical theme occupies a serious and important place in education.

Keywords: picture of the world, education, art, music, children, perception, experience, art creation, spirituality

Naumenko Anna Dmitrievna Educational technologies of blended learning in the training of technical specialists // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 2 (48). P. 106-112

The article explains the specifics of full-time and distance learning. It distinguishes and describes the characteristic features of both formats. The paper presents the various models of blended learning. As a research task, the author identified an attempt to assess the effectiveness of the introduction of blended learning in the educational process of the college. The article describes the experience of using such forms of learning as “flipped classroom” and “station rotation” in the discipline “Electrical engineering” in the training of mid-level technical specialists. The most significant in the blended learning is qualitative assimilation of knowledge and skills. Quality is achieved by increasing the motivation of students, a variety of forms of organization of training and individual approach to students. The text gives an information on recommendations for methodological materials for students during the organization classes using blended learning technologies. The author concludes that the solution to the problem of introducing blended learning technologies is the organization of a pedagogical workshop for the study of innovative pedagogical technologies. In conclusion, the author proposes a program of a pedagogical workshop. The purpose of the workshop is to improve the qualification of teachers for the effective use of these pedagogical technologies in the educational process.

Keywords: blended learning, innovative pedagogical technologies, flipped classroom, station rotation, pedagogical workshop

Merzlyakova Dina Rafailovna, Miroshnichenko Aleksej Anatolyevich Psychological aspects of school staff consolidation to prepare future leaders of the National Technology Initiative // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 130-139

The need to train future leaders of the National Technology Initiative requires the identification of psychological and pedagogical conditions for creating teams based on the school team. The definition of the term “future leader of the National Technology Initiative” is given, which includes differentiation by levels of the main educational programs. The analysis of methods of overcoming low educational results existing in general educational organizations was carried out and managerial decisions were identified that allow consolidating the team. The main management decisions include: providing a system of actions that define and specify educational goals, develop the motivation of teaching staff to improve educational results; organization of interaction “mentor – young teacher”; organization of pedagogical (methodological, psychological and pedagogical) mutual assistance in the teaching staff; ensuring the interaction of teaching staff (both individual and collective) with the school administration to solve production and personal issues; monitoring the relationship between the dynamics of educational results achieved by students and the remuneration of the teaching staff of the school; organization of conditions for the prevention and rehabilitation of occupational diseases of teachers, including their professional “burnout”; increasing the significance of the results of the work of public associations in social and professional support. The psychological and pedagogical conditions that allow overcoming low educational results include: the development of value-oriented unity, collectivistic self-determination of the individual and effective group emotional identification. Further work is expected to form a favorable socio-psychological climate on the basis of school groups. This work should be comprehensive, purposeful, include coordinated actions of all participants in educational relations. Work to create a favorable psychological climate in the team can take the form of individual counseling, psychological training.

Keywords: National Technology Initiative, future leaders, school staff, poor educational results, management decisions

Ilakavichus Marina Rimantasovna Humanitarian and anthropological approach as a basis for the organization of professional education of service professionals // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 86-93

The substantiation of the relevance of the anthropological approach in the study of the problems of vocational education has been carried out. The material was the results of theoretical studies of specialists in the ethnography of professions, cultural anthropology, and the theory of education. Their analysis served as the basis for putting forward the humanitarian-anthropological approach as a methodology consistent with the subject of the study of professional education – professional culture, methods and forms of its development. In the domestic cultural and historical tradition, the professions of a doctor, teacher, soldier, policeman, and rescuer belong to the professions of service. This means that for full self-realization in them, a person needs to overcome selfishness and consumerism, to master the values of self-sacrifice and compassion. The transformation of the value foundations of public life, the rejection of the priority of upbringing in the process of education in post-perestroika Russia led to the ambiguous acceptance by young citizens of the modern state strategy aimed at the spiritual and moral development of the younger generation. The idea of repeatedly changing professions has led to the loss of the high value of professionalism. The anthropological turn in vocational education draws attention to the subject of professional education – the development of professional culture. In this regard, the author proposes a humanitarian-anthropological approach as a methodology for her research. On its basis, this concept is clarified as a “culture of the professional community”, anthropological practices are defined as a way of professional education. In the reflexive environment of the event community, there is an understanding of cultural texts that describe the life structure of figures oriented by its values, which contributes to the formation of a professional position. The risks of using this approach are identified, consisting in the inability of modern young people to carry out text work, loss of motivation, refusal to understand the profession as a way of self-realization for life. Higher education is an integral part of adult education, in which theorists substantiate the need for pedagogical support for the search for the meaning of life, which in the national cultural and historical tradition is inextricably linked with the chosen profession. The humanitarian-anthropological approach is defined as a methodology that allows organizing the conditions for the development of the value-semantic sphere of future representatives of the professions of service.

Keywords: humanitarian-anthropological approach, professional education, professional culture, professions of service, anthropology of the profession

Gaponova Sofiya Aleksandrovna, Kornilova Natalya Sergeyevna Assertive behavior of students of managerial profile // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 122-129

The article shows the need for the formation of assertive behavior of students in the direction of training “State and municipal management” in order to increase confidence, professionalism and competitiveness of the individual. Assertive behavior is considered by many authors to be direct, open behavior that is not intended to harm other people. Despite different approaches to its understanding and definition, researchers identify its key characteristics, such as self-confidence, achieving their goals, making independent decisions, respect for others and for themselves, independent behavior, openness in communication, respect for rights, equal open communication, etc. Based on the analysis of the results of the study obtained according to the methods: “Study of the level of assertiveness” by V. Kapponi, T. Novak, Questionnaire “Autonomy-dependence” G. S. Prygin, “Diagnosis of selfconfidence” B. D. Karvasarsky, it was concluded that during training at the university students do not acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities that contribute to the formation of a sufficiently high level of autonomy, confidence, and, ultimately, assertive behavior for the successful implementation of future professional activities. The negative dynamics of the studied indicators indicates the need to introduce into the learning process at the university a program aimed at the formation of assertive behavior, which will allow to refract the situation for the better and prepare state and municipal employees who are able to manage their emotional behavior, calmly and carefully make decisions, effectively interact with citizens and colleagues, achieve their goals, demonstrate confidence and independence of conduct.

Keywords: assertiveness, assertive behavior, confidence, autonomy, students, studying in the specialty of state and municipal management

Alekseeva Olga Vyacheslavovna, Aleksandrova Natalya Viktorovna, Skvortsova Tatyana Petrovna Educational opportunities of virtual educational laboratories: analysis of current practice // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 6 (52). P. 134-142

Digitalization of education allows accumulating new experience, improving the methodological support of the educational process and forming the methodological basis of digital didactics. The inclusion of virtual educational laboratories in the educational process is dictated by the peculiarities of the digital educational environment, but it faces some problems: insufficient security of the virtual educational environment due to the lack of technical regulations, lack of a unified methodological approach, imperfection of the regulatory framework. The authors of the study make an attempt to generalize and systematize the experience of introducing virtual educational laboratories into the school system. Approaches to the definition of the concept of “virtual laboratory” as a means and method of scientific knowledge, the main feature of which is the safety of interactive creative experimental activity, are analyzed. A classification of virtual laboratories according to multidimensionality, imitation, form of information presentation, freedom of cognitive creativity, modality of perception is proposed. The requirements for the visualization of objects in virtual educational laboratories are outlined, taking into account the leading (visual) channel of perception of modern schoolchildren. The educational opportunities and some risks of including the tactile channel of children’s perception when learning in virtual educational laboratories are considered. The types of processes that can be simulated in virtual laboratories are considered. A study was made of the effectiveness of identifying graphic objects of varying complexity by primary school students. On the basis of the data obtained, the principles of organizing training in virtual educational laboratories have been developed: the principle of imitation of reality, the principle of scientific character / reliability of data, the principle of a responsible attitude (ethics of training in virtual educational laboratories).

Keywords: virtual educational laboratory, classification of virtual educational laboratories, identification of graphic objects by younger schoolchildren, functional literacy

Yermolenkina Larisa Ivanovna, Kolomeytseva Tatyana Sergeyevna Linguistic and cultural potential of the philosophical text in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 6 (52). P. 96-105

The article is devoted to the study of written texts in teaching Russian as a foreign language: students actualize cognitive mechanisms that allow them to compare culturally specific information about the studied language with general cultural knowledge. As the main linguodidactic unit, the text is considered in terms of its capabilities to form linguistic and cultural competence. Mastering this competence involves various types of work with the text, deepening knowledge about the specifics of genre forms, the originality of the stylistic resource, about the linguistic mechanisms of the formation of an individual author’s picture of the world and the linguistic picture of the world behind it. The study is based on the overlap between the idea of the five phases (Wuxing) in Chinese culture and the metaphors of fire and water in Natalia Ilyina’s text «The Expulsion of the Normans». The strategy of language learning in the context of culture allows us to offer Chinese students the passages from this text containing metaphors of fire and water. The questions for studying the text excerpt in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language are developed and described. Pre-textual tasks and questions after readying the text are offered to discuss the values of Russian culture: the metaphors of fire and water in Natalia Ilyina’s text are compared with the ideas about the phases (elements) of fire and water in traditional Chinese culture. Working with the text of Natalya Ilyina in the Russian as a foreign language class will allow speakers of other cultures to get acquainted with the Russian spiritual tradition in its mythopoetic incarnation and expand their knowledge of textual material (the language and style of a philosophical work).

Keywords: Text-oriented approach to teaching Russian as a foreign language, linguocultural competence, philosophical text, metaphor

Sheynov Viktor Pavlovich, Yermak Vladislav Olegovich Virtual and real space of modern belarusian youth: social and psychological context // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 150-159

The virtual space of modern youth includes social networks. Active participation in them leads to dependence on social networks, and it is associated with a number of manifestations of psychological distress. Therefore, the study of dependence on social networks is very important. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis about possible links between social media addiction and self-confidence, emotional intelligence, and style of behavior in conflict situations. The article found that the virtual space for a significant number of young Belarusians has already become preferred in communication, entertainment and work, and that boys and girls have negative associations of dependence on social networks with self-confidence and positive associations with dependence on smartphones and with all the factors that shape it. It is shown that it is psychological problems that are the main cause of dependence on social networks. The dependence of young men on social networks is negatively associated with social courage and positively with the “conflict avoidance” style. Boys and girls have completely different connections between social media addiction and emotional intelligence components. These results are new, since neither domestic nor foreign publications have been able to find reliable conclusions about the relationship of dependence on social networks with components of emotional intelligence and behavior in conflicts. The facts obtained testify to the negative impact of the new virtual reality on a number of important socio-psychological parameters of the personality of a modern young person.

Keywords: virtual space, addiction to social networks, self-confidence, emotional intelligence, behavior in conflict situations, smartphone addiction, addiction factors, Belarusian boys and girls

Buravleva Natalya Anatolyevna, Seryakov Vitaliy Vladimirovich Prevention of bullying among teenagers by methods of social theater // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 1 (53). P. 123-132

In recent years, we have seen an increase in bullying situations among teenagers. According to the World Report on Violence against Children, one in ten schoolchildren in the world is exposed to violence in an educational environment, and this figure is increasing every year. Bullying negatively affects the emotional state of children, personality development, and can lead to tragic cases. The task of the teaching staff of educational institutions is to prevent precedents of cruelty among adolescents, to prevent bullying. Effective methods of bullying prevention at school include social theater. Social theater involves a group form and step-by-step work: preparing a performance on the topic of bullying and showing it to the audience with subsequent discussion. Through social theater, it is possible to simulate various situations that reproduce the conflict situation of adolescents with the search for a way out of it. The peculiarity of the social theater is the involvement of the audience in the ongoing process, their participation in the discussion, the opportunity to switch places with the performers of the roles, in practice to demonstrate the proposed solutions to the problem. Theatrical practices contribute to the social activation of adolescents, the acquisition of communication skills, and the testing of social roles through dramatization and improvisation. Social theater is an effective and gentle method when dealing with bullying, age and existential crises, interpersonal and intrapersonal problems. Social theater performs a wide range of functions in relation to participants and viewers: informational, educational, cognitive, developmental, social and communicative. Bullying prevention through social theater is aimed at understanding the topic of bullying, developing a negative attitude towards it, realizing the extent of the problem and ways to solve it.

Keywords: bullying, social theater, forum theater, teenagers, prevention, personality, school

Ivanov Evgeniy Vyacheslavovich On the priorities of education in the context of global problems of the modern world // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 2 (54). P. 85-94

In the modern world there are serious socio-cultural changes and crisis phenomena of both local and global nature. Education, being an inertial system by nature, cannot keep up with rapidly changing events, and therefore it is constantly necessary to forecast and correctly prioritize its development. Historical and cultural analysis of the situation in Russia and the countries of Western civilization has revealed serious problems that cannot be solved without the active participation of education. The first problem is caused by the crisis of the policy of globalization and multiculturalism promoted by the West. Examples from history and modern times show that what is acceptable for some countries often becomes destructive and destructive for others. Consequently, the pursuit of a common cultural identity can be considered now only as a very distant prospect in the evolutionary process of humanity’s development. The priority of education today should be to provide targeted assistance in helping the growing individual and a particular people to realize their cultural identity, to develop in them a respectful attitude towards the cultures of other peoples and, on this basis, to pursue a productive intercultural dialogue. Other global problems that cannot be solved without the active participation of education are the energy and environmental crises and the consumer psychology imposed on people from an early age. The origins of these global problems are common and are not related to the political structure of states. There have been at least two periods in human history when people were on the verge of extinction. Each time they were saved by the fact that they found the strength to consciously change their way of life and themselves on the basis of jointly accepted and universally recognized values and taboos, that is, they showed themselves not only as rational beings, but also as moral and spiritual. This aspect is poorly reflected in the rationale of the competency-based approach and in the program documents on education adopted in Russia and the world in recent years. In line with the competence approach, an important priority of education today should be the development of people’s environmental consciousness and recognition of the priority of spiritual needs over material needs.

Keywords: priorities of modern education, crisis of modern education, global crises, cultural identity, competence approach

Basimov Mikhail Mikhaylovich Dependences between the scales of deficient fear and actual self-perception at the stage of self-isolation // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 3 (49). P. 109-121

Aim: to reveal the nature of the causal relationship between the characteristics of Deficient fear and indicators of actual self-perception. As part of an empirical study of students in self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, an analysis was made using the author’s method of Deficient fear dependencies on the components of actual self-perception for linearity-nonlinearity, and a conclusion was made about the nonlinear nature of these dependencies. All linear correlations between indicators of deficient fear and components of actual self-perception do not exceed 0.25 in modulus, i.e. they are extremely weak, and it is unacceptable to speak about the problem posed from the standpoint of linear models. For two indicators of deficient fear and 26 indicators of actual self-perception, within the framework of the model for quarts of an independent variable, five strong simplest non-linear dependencies were identified, demonstrating a type 1 error, when the correlation is extremely small, even less than the threshold of “significant” values (0.17), and therefore there is no connection within the framework of the linear model of correlation analysis. One dependence demonstrates a type 2 error, when a strong non-linear dependence in the framework of a linear model will be considered by supporters of a “significant” correlation as a “significant” linear relationship (a very weak correlation coefficient of –0.18 exceeds the threshold (0.17) of “significance” in absolute value). Going beyond linear models gives fundamentally new information about the phenomenon of deficient fear under study. The article provides detailed descriptions and interpretations of two of the six found strong dependencies (the rest are presented in the tables), visual graphical representations are considered, as well as their most probable estimates in the traditional approach.

Keywords: actual self-perception, deficient fear, linear, non-linear, psychological research, statistical dependence

Sinogina Elena Stanislavovna, Lomovskaya Sofia Anatolyevna A study of adolescents’ bullying structure and the relationship of cyberbullying to spirituality and empathy indicators // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 121-129

The article reviews the issue of risky behavior in the online world – the bullying behavior in the Internet. It gives a description of the phenomenon of cyberbullying and how it negatively affects the mental and emotional state of children and adolescents. Particular attention is paid to the spiritual and moral qualities of personality – personal spirituality and empathy, as determining factors in the process of cybersocialization of a child. The article describes the main diagnostic tools used by the authors – E. G. Norkina’s «Our Class» technique, M. Davis’ «Interpersonal Reactivity Index» adapted by T. D. Karyagina, N. A. Budagovskaya, S. V. Dubrovskaya and A. Husain and M. Anas’ «Spiritual Personality » questionnaire adapted by G. Ozhiganova. It provides the results of a research survey held among adolescents in the city of Tomsk. The study presents the bullying structure of schoolchildren, determines the level of spirituality and empathy of modern adolescents. The results revealed that the indicators of spirituality and empathy of modern schoolchildren in general are at an acceptable level. There was also established a connection between the indicators of personal spirituality, empathy and the implementation of cyberbullying. The results of the study revealed that the lack of development of spirituality and empathy may be associated with an increased risk of aggressive behavior, specifically cyberbullying.

Keywords: cyberbullying, adolescent risky behavior, Internet risks, spirituality, empathy, bullying structure

Yanovskaya Galina Alexandrovna Current state and problems of additional education development // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 1 (53). P. 17-24

This article examines the increasing role of supplementary education, its demand among consumers and customers. It contains a brief analysis of the education market in Russia and the world, taking into account the development of the educational technology market. The segments of private and public education, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. The current state, regulatory changes in the field of supplementary education, the system of preparation of teachers of supplementary education for the implementation of labor functions, were studied with regard to the implementation of professional standards. The analysis of Russian and foreign literature on supplementary education teachers’ training, competence development, quality assessment, etc. was carried out. The analysis highlights a number of problems concerning the preparation of supplementary education specialists for professional implementation of labor functions at a high level, and these problems have not been addressed by modern scientists. Among the identified problems are the lack of prospects for the emergence of a sufficient number of qualified additional education specialists in the regions of Russia, low qualification of teachers and management of educational organizations, low technological literacy of teachers, the gap between the public and private segments of the education market, the obsolescence of traditional teaching formats, low motivation for change and development, burnout among employees of educational organizations, etc.

Keywords: additional education, training of additional education teachers, professional standard, competence of additional education teachers, educational technologies, education market

Kugutko Ekaterina Vasilyevna, Skachkova Nina Vladimirovna Pre-professional training of schoolchildren on the platform of the federal project «Ticket to the Future» as a basis for early professional orientation in promising professions // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 5 (51). P. 17-26

In the context of the ongoing global geopolitical transformations, the training of qualified personnel for industries developing and rebuilding in accordance with the new technological order and the needs of the digital Russian economy is of particular importance. In this regard, it is of particular importance to attract young personnel to the vocational education system and create conditions for the formation of human resources already at the stages of basic general and secondary general education. To solve the problem of the existing personnel shortage, the Federal project «Professionalism» has been developed, one of the goals of which is to popularize and increase the prestige of working professions, including through cooperation between organizations of the secondary vocational education system and students of general education organizations. Ensuring the effectiveness of such cooperation presupposes the presence of a trained teacher mentor and a developed program of pre-professional training for schoolchildren in a sought-after profession. An example of such cooperation is the implementation of the program of preprofessional training of schoolchildren in the professional direction of «Forest Management and reforestation Engineering». The implementation of early professional orientation of schoolchildren in the form of pre-professional training provides not only information about the nomenclature of modern and in-demand professions on the labor market, but also makes it possible to carry out professional tests in promising professions and specialties of regional economic sectors. The potential of the opportunities provided by the platform of the federal project «Ticket to the future» within the framework of the project «Success of every child» of the Passport of the national project «Education» in terms of the development and implementation of the program of early professional orientation of schoolchildren of grades 6-11 of secondary school in the competence «Forest management and reforestation Engineering» is investigated.

Keywords: early professional orientation, professional tests, competence of forest management and reforestation engineering, the program of pre-professional training of schoolchildren, the platform of the federal project «Ticket to the future»

Chaban Elena Anatolyevna, Strikalova Nataliya Vladimirovna Peculiarities of using the professionally oriented graphic tasks for railway students // Pedagogical Review. 2024. Issue 1 (53). P. 32-38

The training of the engineering personnel with a certain set of professional competencies that allow the use of modern scientific achievements and the level of digital technologies in the field of railway transport is of great importance today. The formation of the socalled graphic competency is one of the main general professional and professional competencies to be developed. The possibilities and advantages of the professionally adapted educational graphic tasks for the students of the railway construction specialty in the educational process, which contribute to the formation of the graphic competence, as well as the process of professional development of students, are considered. The examples of the professionally adapted educational graphic tasks for the railway construction specialty are presented.

Keywords: engineering personnel, general professional competencies, graphic competence, professionally oriented tasks, professionally adapted educational graphic tasks, pedagogical support for students

Matyugina Eleonora Grigoryevna, Efremova-Shershukova Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Competence-Based Continuity of Meta-Subject Educational Programs of Secondary General and Higher Pedagogical Education // Pedagogical Review. 2023. Issue 4 (50). P. 24-35

The relevance of the research topic is due to the permanent transformation of the requirements for the quality of labor resources as a reaction of the economic system to the high dynamism of the development of productive forces, which provokes the continuous improvement of the competencies of workers, who are required not only to qualify, but also to be proactive in terms of optimizing the production process. This predetermines the focus of the education system on the formation of future specialists’ competencies of a meta-subject nature, reflecting the ability not only to fix and evaluate ongoing changes with subsequent adaptation to them, but also to make managerial decisions that are adequate to the current situation. The purpose of the study is to assess the competence continuity of various levels of education in the system “school-pedagogical university (bachelor’s degree - master’s degree)”. The article substantiates the concept of competency-based continuity as a qualitative sign of the dynamics of the process of forming these educational results and the results themselves. The introduction of the concept of “competence continuity” allows us to trace the change in the content of acquired skills, competencies at the junction of general and higher education, which ensures the formation of the meta-subject content of the future specialist’s professional readiness. It is also significant that competency-based continuity is not limited to the period of study, but continues in subsequent professional activities, thereby implementing the principle of continuity of education throughout life. The scientific novelty of the study lies in: substantiation of the content of the competency- based continuity of educational programs, due to both regulatory frameworks (FSES, Standards, etc.) and the evolutionary development of the acquired competencies in the course of implementing the professional skills of a specialist; presenting the characteristics of the evolutionary relationship of universal educational activities formed at the level of secondary education and universal competencies of undergraduate and graduate programs (based on educational programs of Tomsk State Pedagogical University). As a result of the study, the existence of competency-based continuity of the universal competencies of undergraduate and graduate programs of Tomsk State Pedagogical University, their logical connection with the universal educational activities formed at school, which indicates the effective organization of the educational process, has been established.

Keywords: continuity, competence, competence, educational program, meta-subject